This also isn't an experience unique to Wab-Miig explains to Frenchie that the twins, Zheegwon, and Tree, were strung up and cut into by people desperate to extract their marrow, but with no knowledge of how to effectively do so. Her identity and sense of pride as an Indigenous person is taken away from her and perverted into the very thing that is used to target and oppress her. For Wab, her scar is a constant reminder of the violence and trauma that she experienced because of who she is as an Indigenous person. Wab grew up in a situation in which it was almost impossible to avoid sexual abuse and was ultimately tricked, gang raped, and suffered horrendous physical violence that left her with a huge scar across her face and neck and only one eye. Others, Wab in particular, have experienced intense physical trauma on top of their emotional strife. In this situation, Miig must reckon with two types of emotional trauma: first, the trauma and the sense of a fractured community that came from being betrayed by people who by all accounts should have been his allies then, he carries the pain of having lost his only family member, a specific experience that many of the children in his group share. Miig and his husband, Isaac, were tricked by other Indigenous people who were in cahoots with the government-and for most of the novel, Miig believes that he lost Isaac to the residential schools. For some, the trauma is mostly emotional. This creates an environment in which Indigenous people must consistently protect their bodies and their minds from trauma of all sorts, and the effects of the traumatic experiences that they're unable to prevent ripple outwards through the community. Despite this bleak picture of life for the Indigenous community, Dimaline ultimately argues that Indigenous identity deserves to be celebrated, and that having pride in one's identity as an Indigenous person can be a powerful thing.įrenchie and his friends are reminded in a variety of ways and instances that their bodies are both extremely valuable and constantly at risk. As the novel unfolds, Dimaline highlights the many forms of trauma that the Indigenous community is forced to shoulder, from physical violence to emotional pain. Those who are on the run must contend with the horrific, dehumanizing fact that to many, they're something less than human. doi:10.The world presented in The Marrow Thieves is one in which Indigenous people have been reduced and flattened-in the eyes of the white government-to be nothing other than a commodity. International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk loci. Nievergelt C, Maihofer A, Klengel T et al. Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.įord J, Grasso D, Elhai J, Courtois C. The effects of trauma, with or without PTSD, on the transgenerational DNA methylation alterations in human offsprings. Youssef N, Lockwood L, Su S, Hao G, Rutten B. Rockville (MD): Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (US) Chapter 3, Understanding the Impact of Trauma. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Intergenerational transmission of paternal trauma among US Civil War ex-POWs. The social construction of the social epigenome and the larger biological context. Holocaust exposure induced intergenerational effects on FKBP5 methylation. Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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